e-Library
Parliament of South Africa
Parliament of the Republic of South Africa creates, amends, and repeals laws in accordance with the Constitution. This process involves both the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces (NCOP), ensuring that proposed legislation is debated and passed through both houses.
The South African Judiciary
The South African judiciary is the branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying the law. It is comprised of courts and the judges and magistrates who preside over them. The judiciary’s primary role is to ensure equal justice under the law, applying the Constitution and laws impartially and without fear, favor, or prejudice.
The DoJ & CD
The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (DoJ&CD) is the justice department of the South African government, responsible for administering justice and ensuring access to legal services. It provides administrative and financial support to the court system and judiciary, oversees the National Prosecuting Authority, and facilitates law reform.
Legal Practitioners Regulatory Bodies
Legal Practice Council (LPC) The LPC’s main function is to protect the public’s interests by overseeing the professional conduct of the legal profession.
Other Regulatory Bodies
Law Society of South Africa (LSSA) While the LPC handles statutory regulation, the LSSA is a voluntary association that serves as the representative voice of the attorneys’ profession.
Legal Practitioners’ Fidelity Fund (LPFF) The LPFF is a statutory body that protects the public from financial losses due to the theft of trust funds by attorneys. All attorneys who handle client funds are required to have a Fidelity Fund Certificate issued by the LPC to practice legally.
South African Board for Sheriffs This is a statutory body that regulates the sheriff’s profession. While sheriffs execute court orders and are officers of the court, they are distinct from attorneys and advocates.
Judicial Statutory Bodies
Advisory and oversight commissions
Judicial Service Commission (JSC): A constitutional body that recommends suitable candidates for judicial appointment and investigates complaints against judicial officers. It also advises the government on judicial and administration of justice matters.
Magistrates’ Commission (MGC): This body ensures the appointment, promotion, and discipline of magistrates in the lower courts are handled fairly and without prejudice.
South African Law Reform Commission (SALRC): An independent statutory body that conducts research and advises the government on law reform.
Supporting legal and administrative functions
Legal Aid South Africa: Provides legal assistance to indigent individuals to ensure access to justice, as required by the Constitution.
Rules Board for Courts of Law: Established by the Rules Board for Courts of Law Act, this body reviews and creates the rules for the Supreme Court of Appeal, High Courts, and Magistrates’ Courts.
South African Board for Sheriffs: Regulates the sheriffs’ profession, which is responsible for serving and executing court processes and orders.
Office of the Family Advocate: Promotes and protects the best interests of children in civil disputes related to parental rights and responsibilities.
Master of the High Court: Supervises the administration of deceased and insolvent estates, trusts, and the Guardian’s Fund.
South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI): Responsible for the education and training of judicial officers.
National Prosecuting Authority (NPA): Responsible for instituting and conducting criminal proceedings on behalf of the state. Its specialized units handle commercial crime, asset forfeiture, and witness protection.
Special Investigating Unit (SIU): Investigates serious malpractice, maladministration, and corruption in state institutions and takes legal action against wrongdoers.
Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID): Investigates complaints of misconduct and criminality allegedly committed by members of the South African Police Service (SAPS).
Other Statutory Bodies
Constitutional and governance bodies
Auditor-General South Africa (AGSA): Audits and reports on the financial statements of all government departments, municipalities, and state-owned entities.
Electoral Commission (IEC): Manages national, provincial, and municipal elections to ensure they are free and fair.
Public Protector South Africa: Investigates and rectifies improper conduct in state affairs and the public administration.
South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC): Monitors, promotes, and protects human rights in the country.
Commission for Gender Equality (CGE): Promotes and protects gender equality.
Financial and Fiscal Commission (FFC): Advises Parliament and provincial legislatures on the equitable division of revenue.
Economic and financial regulators
South African Reserve Bank (SARB): Acts as the country’s central bank, protecting the value of the currency and managing inflation.
South African Revenue Service (SARS): Collects taxes and ensures compliance with South Africa’s tax laws.
Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA): Regulates financial institutions and protects financial customers.
National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA): Regulates the electricity, piped-gas, and petroleum pipeline industries.
Competition Commission: Investigates, controls, and evaluates restrictive business practices, abuse of market dominance, and mergers to promote competition.
Social and cultural institutions
South African Social Security Agency (SASSA): Manages and pays social grants to vulnerable people.
South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA): Oversees the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) to ensure the quality and standardization of education and training.
National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF): Supports and promotes the development and growth of the film and video industry.
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): Conducts research and development to improve the quality of life of South Africans.
South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA): Identifies, protects, and manages South Africa’s heritage resources.
Public entities and state-owned enterprises
Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd: The country’s primary electricity generation, transmission, and distribution company.
South African National Roads Agency SOC Ltd (SANRAL): Manages and maintains the national road network.
South African Airways (SAA): The state-owned national airline.
Transnet SOC Ltd: Oversees the country’s rail, port, and pipeline infrastructure.
Airports Company South Africa (ACSA): Owns and operates the nine principal airports in the country.
Professional councils
Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA): Regulates the practice of engineering in the country.
Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA): Regulates health professions and oversees the education, training, and registration of healthcare practitioners.
South African Nursing Council (SANC): Sets and maintains standards for nursing and midwifery education and practice.
Labour relations and dispute resolution
Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA): This is an independent statutory body established by the Labour Relations Act of 1995. It provides dispute resolution services, including conciliation and arbitration, for conflicts between employers and employees.
Essential Services Committee (ESC): This committee operates within the CCMA to designate and regulate essential services. This function prevents or minimizes service disruptions during strikes or lockouts.
National Economic Development and Labour Council (Nedlac): Established by the Nedlac Act of 1994, this body brings together representatives from government, organized labor, business, and community organizations. Its purpose is to promote economic growth, social equity, and policy consensus through negotiation and dialogue.
Social security and compensation
Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF): Established by the Unemployment Insurance Act of 2001, the UIF provides short-term financial relief to workers who become unemployed or are unable to work due to maternity, illness, adoption, or parental leave.
Employment equity and fair practice
Commission for Employment Equity (CEE): This body was established under the Employment Equity Act of 1998. Its function is to advise the Minister of Employment and Labour on issues related to the act, including regulations and policy, to eliminate unfair discrimination and promote equity in the workplace.
Employment Conditions Commission (ECC): This commission was established by the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) of 1997. It advises the Minister on the making of sectoral determinations, which set basic conditions of employment for specific sectors.
National Skills Authority (NSA): Established by the Skills Development Act of 1998, the NSA advises the Minister on a national skills development policy and strategy. It also oversees the work of the Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs).
Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs): There are 21 SETAs in South Africa, each responsible for managing and implementing skills development within a specific economic sector. For example, the Construction Education and Training Authority (CETA) is the SETA for the construction sector.
Advisory Council for Occupational Health and Safety (ACOHS): This council was established by the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993. Its role is to advise the Minister on policy and other matters related to occupational health and safety.
Local Bar Associations
Constituent Members of the GCB:
General Council of the Bar of South Africa
Eastern Cape Society of Advocates
Free State Society of Advocates
Johannesburg Society of Advocates
Mpumalanga Society of Advocates
Mthatha Society of Advocates (No Website)
Northern Cape Society of Advocates (No Website)
International Bar Associations
International Bar Association (IBA)
African Bar Association (AFBA)
The Bars Africans Members of the (CIB)
The Law Association for Asia and the Pacific (LAWASIA)
Inter-Pacific Bar Association (IPBA)
The Organization of Commonwealth Caribbean Bar Associations (OCCBA)
The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Bar Associations (OECS)
Caribbean Bar Associations
Anguilla Angiulla Bar Association
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas Bahamas Bar Association
Barbados Barbados Bar Association
British Virgin Islands BVI Bar Association
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Legal Practitioners Association
Cuba Cuban American Bar Association
Curaçao Curaçao Bar Association
Dominica Dominican Bar Association
Dominican Republic Bar Association of the Dominican Republic
Falkland Islands
French Guiana Bar Association of French Guiana
Grenada General Legal Council
Guadeloupe Bar Association of Guadeloupe, St Martin and St Barthelemy
Haiti Port-au-Prince Bar Association
Jamaica The Jamaican Bar Association
Martinique Martinique Bar Association
Montserrat
Puerto Rico Bar Association of Peurto Rico
Saint Barthelemy Bar Association of Guadeloupe, St Martin and St Barthelemy
Saint Kitts & Nevis
Saint Lucia Bar Association of Saint Lucia
St Vincent & Grenadines
Sint Maarten Bar Association of Sint Maarten
Trinidad and Tobago Law Association of Trinidad & Tobago
Turks and Caicos Turks & Caicos Islands Bar Association
U.S. Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Bar Association
African Bar Associations
Algeria National Union of Algerian Bar Associations
Angola Angola Bar Association
Benin Benin Bar Association
Botswana Law Society of Botswana
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Bar Association
Burundi Burundi Bar Association / Ordre des Avocats près de la Cour d’Appel de Gitega
Cabo Verde Cape Verde Bar Association
Cameroon Cameroon Bar Association
Central African Republic
Chad Chad Bar
Comoros
Congo
Djibouti
DR Congo National Order of Lawyers DRC
Egypt Egyptian Bar Association
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea Eritrean Law Society
Eswatini
Ethiopia Ethiopian Lawyers’ Association
Gabon
Gambia Gambia Bar Association
Ghana Ghana Bar Association
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Bar Association
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast Bar Association
Kenya Law Society of Kenya
Lesotho Law Society of Lesotho
Liberia Liberian National Bar Association
Libya Law Society of Libya
Madagascar Madagascar Bar Association
Malawi Malawi Law Society
Mali Bar of Mali
Mauritania Mauritania Bar Association
Mauritius Mauritius Bar Association
Mayotte
Morocco Association of Moroccan Bar Associations
Mozambique
Namibia Society of Advocates of Namibia
Niger Niger Bar Association
Nigeria Nigerian Bar Association
Reunion
Rwanda Rwanda Bar Association
Saint Helena
Sao Tomé & Principe Bar Association of Sao Tomé and Principe
Senegal Senegalese Bar Association
Seychelles
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Bar Association
Somalia
South Africa General Council of the Bar of South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania Tannganyika Law Society
Togo
Tunisia National Bar Association of Tunisia
Uganda Uganda Law Society
Western Sahara
Zambia Law Associatin of Zambia
Zimbabwe Law Society of Zimbabwe
Asian Bar Associations
Afghanistan Afghanistan Independent Bar Association in Exile
Armenia Armenian Bar Association
Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Bar Association
Bahrain Bahrain Bar Association
Bangladesh Dhaka Bar Association
Bhutan Bhutan Bar Association
Brunei Law Society of Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia Bar Assocation of the Kingdom of Cambodia
China Shanghai Bar Association
Cyprus Cyprus Bar Association
Georgia Georgian Bar Association
Hong Kong Hong Kong Bar Association
India Bar Association of India
Indonesia Indonesian Advocates Association
Iran Iran Bar Association
Israel
Japan Japan Federation of Bar Associations
Jordan Jordanian Bar Association
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Bar Association
Kuwait Kuwait Bar Association
Kyrgyzstan
Laos Loa Bar Association
Lebanon Beirut Bar Association
Macao Macau Bar Association
Malaysia Malaysian Bar
Maldives Bar Council of Maldives
Mongolia Mongolian Bar Association
Myanmar
Nepal Napal Bar Association
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan Pakistan Bar Councils
Philippines Philippine Bar Association
Qatar Qatar Lawyers Association
Saudi Arabia Saudi Bar Association
Singapore The Law Society of Singapore
South Korea Korean Bar Association
Sri Lanka Bar Associatin of Sri Lanka
State of Palestine Palestinian Bar Association
Syria Free Bar Association in Syria
Taiwan Taiwan Bar Association
Tajikistan
Thailand Lawyers Council of Thailand under Royal Patronage
Timor-Leste
Turkey Union of Turkish Bar Associations
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
European Bar Associations
Albania Albanian Chamber of Advocacy
Andorra Andorran Bar Association
Austria Austrian Bar Association
Belarus Belarusion Republican Bar Association
Belgium Brussels Bar
Bosnia & Herzegovina Bar Association of FBiH
Bulgaria Sofia Bar Association
Croatia Croatian Bar Association
Czech Republic Czech Bar Association
Denmark Danish Bar & Law Society
Estonia Estonian Bar Association
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Law
Finland Finnish Bar Association
France Paris Bar Association-Barreau de Paris
Germany German Federal Bar
Gibraltar Gibraltar Bar Association
Greece Athens Bar Association
Holy See Rome Bar Association
Hungary Hungarian Bar Association
Iceland Icelandic Bar Association
Ireland Bar of Ireland
Isle of Man Isle of Man Law Society (Manx Advocates)
Italy Milan Bar Association
Latvia Latvian Collegium of Sworn Advocates
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Bar Association
Lithuania Lithuanian Bar Association
Lexembourg
Malta Chamber of Advocates Malta
Moldova Union of Advocates of the Republic of Moldova
Monaco Monaco Bar Association
Montenegro
Netherlands Netherlands Bar
North Macedonia
Norway Norwegian Bar Association
Poland Warsaw Bar Association
Portugal Portuguese Bar Association
Romania National Union of Romanian Bars
Russia Moscow Bar Association
San Marino Bar Association of San Marino
Serbia Serbian Bar Association
Slovakia Slovaka Bar Association
Slovenia Slovene Bar Association
Spain Barcelona Bar Association
Sweden Swedish Bar Association
Switzerland Zürich Bar Association
Ukraine Ukrainian Bar Association
United Kingdom Bar Council England and Wales
Northern American Bar Associations
United States American Bar Association
Bermuda Bermuda Bar Association
Canada Canada Bar Association
Greenland
Saint Pierre & Miquelon
Oceanian Bar Associations
American Samoa American Samoa Bar Association
Australia Australian Bar Association
Cook Islands Cook Islands Law Society
Fiji Fiji Law Society
French Polynesia
Guam Guam Bar Association
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand New Zealand Bar Association
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Marianas Bar Association
Palau
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Law Society
Samoa
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Bar Association
Tokelau
Tonga Tonga Law Society
Tuvalu
Vanuatu Vanuatu Law Society
Wallis & Futuna
Southern American Bar Associations
Argentina Buenos Aires Bar Association
Belize
Bolivia Illustrious Bar Association La Paz
Brazil Brazilian Bar Association
Chile Chilean Bar Association
Colombia Colombian American Bar Association
Costa Rica Costa Rican Bar Association
Ecuador Guayas Bar Association
El Salvador
Guatemala Bar Association of Guatemala
Guyana The Bar Association of Guyana Bar Association
Honduras Bar Association of Honduras
Mexico Mexican Bar Association
Nicaragua
Panama National Bar Association of Panama
Paraguay Bar Association of Paraguay
Peru Lima Bar Association
Suriname Surinamese Bar Association
Uruguay
AI Legal Research Pitfalls
Recent failures in online AI legal research have demonstrated significant risks, including hallucinations that invent fictitious cases and misinformation that can mislead courts. Several international court cases have resulted in lawyers facing sanctions, fines, and reputational damage for relying on unverified AI output. The core issue is the potential for AI to produce misleading but plausible content that can undermine the legal system when used without proper oversight.
Notable case studies of AI legal research failure
Mata v. Avianca (2023, New York, US): In this case, two lawyers submitted a brief with six fake case citations generated by ChatGPT. The judge sanctioned the attorneys and their law firm, fined them $5,000, and stated that they had acted in bad faith.
Parker v Forsyth NO (2024, South Africa): After a law firm’s legal counsel used ChatGPT for legal research, a South African magistrate noticed that the cited case was fake. The lawyers were referred to the Legal Practice Council (LPC) and hit with a punitive cost order. The magistrate noted that the “embarrassment associated with this incident is probably sufficient punishment”.
Ko v. Li (2025, Ontario, Canada) A lawyer was ordered to show cause for potential contempt of court after submitting a factum that contained non-existent cases and relied on incorrect summaries during oral submissions. This case highlighted the duty of lawyers to verify AI-prepared documents and not mislead the court.
Michael Cohen incident (2023, US) Donald Trump’s former lawyer, Michael Cohen, used Google Bard to find cases that his lawyer later included in a court brief. When the judge discovered the citations were fake, he deemed the incident “embarrassing” but did not impose sanctions.
Hallucinations and fabricated cases: Generative AI can “hallucinate”, which can result in the invention of fictitious cases, statutes, and legal arguments that appear authentic. Lawyers who fail to verify this information risk submitting misleading and false information to the court.
Inaccuracy and outdated information: Many public AI tools are not trained on a curated database of legal information, unlike proprietary legal research tools. This can lead to outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate information, particularly in rapidly changing legal fields.
Lack of legal context: AI lacks the human intuition and critical thinking to understand the specific, nuanced context of a client’s case. It provides general information but cannot offer tailored legal advice, which could harm a client’s interests if relied upon.
Privacy and confidentiality breaches: Many AI platforms retain user inputs to train their models. Uploading confidential client information could expose sensitive data, leading to a breach of attorney-client privilege and violating data protection laws.
Bias: If the data used to train AI is biased—due to demographic, social, or historical factors—the AI can perpetuate and amplify that bias in its output. This can lead to unfair legal outcomes and erode trust in the justice system.
Ethical and professional consequences for legal practitioners
Breach of professional conduct rules: Legal practitioners reputation are required by the duty of competence to understand both the benefits and risks of any technology they use. Courts and professional bodies have made it clear that legal practitioners are ultimately responsible for the work submitted, regardless of AI assistance.
Malpractice and disciplinary action: Submitting fabricated or incorrect AI-generated information can lead to malpractice claims from clients, contempt hearings, and disciplinary action from legal regulators. In South Africa, the LPC considers citing non-existent judgments a serious breach of conduct that can undermine the justice system.
Reputational damage: Facing court sanctions and public exposure for relying on fake AI information can severely harm a legal practitioner’s professional reputation and credibility with clients and courts.
Best practices for using AI in legal research
Always verify AI output: Never accept AI-generated legal citations, statutes, or summaries as fact without cross-referencing them against established, reliable legal databases.
Maintain human oversight: AI should be treated as an assistive tool to speed up research, not a replacement for human judgment and due diligence. A final check by a human legal practitioner is non-negotiable.
Educate legal teams: Legal practitioners should implement policies, provide training, and ensure legal staff are aware of AI’s limitations, particularly the risk of hallucinations.
Protect client confidentiality: Do not input sensitive or confidential client information into public AI systems. Instead, use secure, specialized AI legal tools with robust data protection standards.
Stay informed: Follow regulatory updates and guidance from legal professional bodies regarding the responsible and ethical use of AI.
Local Legal Research
Subscription-based
LexisNexis A prominent legal research platform with market-leading South African content and AI-powered tools. It provides access to a comprehensive collection of case law, legislation, government gazettes, and legal journals.
Jutastat e-Publications Juta is a respected South African law publisher that provides access to full-text law reports, journals, and legislation. Its services also incorporate AI-powered features for fast and accurate research
Sabinet This platform offers a comprehensive suite of legal information services, including national and provincial legislation (NetLaw), government gazettes, municipal by-laws, and judgments. It also features AI-powered search functionality
Free Resources
The Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII) A highly regarded non-profit organization that provides free access to a large repository of legal information from South Africa and the wider Southern African region. It includes case law, legislation, and law reform publications.
Government Printing Works (GPW) The official publisher of the Government Gazette, which contains national and provincial legislation, notices, and proclamations. You can access the latest gazettes on their website.
Constitutional Court of South Africa The court’s official website provides free access to all its judgments, rules, and practice directions.
Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa (SCA) The SCA website offers access to judgments from 1999 onwards, as well as court rules and practice directions.
Polity A large news and gateway site that includes extensive coverage of legal and political matters. It provides downloadable versions of Acts, Bills, Regulations, and policy documents.
South African Law Reform Commission (SALRC) The SALRC website publishes its annual reports, issue papers, research papers, and reports on proposed law reforms
LawLibrary.org.za This resource provides free legal information specifically for South Africa.
Search Engines
Google Scholar This search engine includes a wide range of legal materials, including case law, journal articles, and academic papers from various sources.
Foreign Legal Research
Subscription-based
HeinOnline The “Foreign and International Law Resources Database” on HeinOnline includes a wide array of international law journals, historical materials, and treaty collections.
Advance LexisNexis Its international legal research platform, LexisNexis Advance, includes international case law, treaties, and legislation from numerous jurisdictions
Westlaw Offers access to foreign and international law materials, including treaties, cases, and legislation, from a large number of countries.
Free Resources
United Nations
United Nations Treaty Collection Contains information and full texts of multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, as well as the UN Treaty Series.
Official Document System (ODS) Provides access to official UN documents from 1993 onwards. This includes resolutions from the General Assembly and Security Council, as well as scanned historical documents dating back to 1946.
Audiovisual Library of International Law A virtual training and research center offering a historical archive, a lecture series, and research guides on international law.
UN Digital Library Provides access to UN-produced content, including UN documents, publications, and voting information.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) The principal judicial organ of the UN, its website contains its jurisprudence, including judgments, advisory opinions, and pending cases.
Global Legal
World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII): Part of the Free Access to Law Movement, it provides a single search facility for databases across several Legal Information Institutes (LIIs). It features collections on international courts, tribunals, treaties, and journals.
CommonLII: Part of the WorldLII family, CommonLII (Commonwealth Legal Information Institute) focuses on legal resources from Commonwealth countries, many of which are relevant to international law.
Academic and specialized resources
GlobaLex Published by the Hauser Global Law School Program at NYU School of Law, GlobaLex provides research guides on a vast number of foreign and international legal topics.
American Society of International Law (ASIL): An American non-profit organization, its website offers resource guides and publications relevant to international law.
International Criminal Court (ICC) Legal Tools Database: A database providing access to legal documents and jurisprudence related to the ICC.
Max Planck Encyclopedias of Public International Law A reputable online encyclopedia that provides detailed, scholarly entries on topics in public international law.
African Legal Information Institutes
International Legal Information Institutes
Other Legal Research
Book Store
Juta & Company As a leading academic and law publisher, Juta offers a wide range of legal publications, including print and electronic versions of acts, statutes, law journals, and legal textbooks. The company also provides various subscription services to keep legal professionals updated with new legislation.
LexisNexis This major legal publisher provides an extensive catalogue of legal content, including books, journals, and databases. LexisNexis is well-known for its loose-leaf editions, such as the Butterworths Classified and Annotated Statutes of South Africa, which are regularly updated to reflect new legislation.
Fields of Law
- Administrative Law
- Arbitration Law
- Aviation Law
- Banking, Cheque & Financial Services Law
- Building & Construction Law
- Carriage & Transport Law
- Church Law
- Commercial Law
- Constitutional Law
- Contract Law
- Criminal Law
- Corporate Law
- Custom, Excise & International Trade Law
- Delictual Law
- Enrichment Law
- Environment Law
- Expropriation & Valuation Law
- Family Law
- Human Rights Law
- General Practice
- Immigration & Refugee Law
- Indigenous & Traditional Community Law
- Information Technology Law
- Insolvency Law
- Insurance Law
- Intellectual Property Law
- Labour Law
- Local Government Law
- Media & Censorship Law
- Medical & Medical Negligence Law
- Military Law
- Mineral & Petroleum Law
- Occupational Health & Safety Law
- Partnership Law
- Personal Injury Law
- Procurement Law
- Property Law
- Shipping & Admiralty Law
- Social Security Law
- Sports Law
- Tax Law
- Town-planning & Development Law
- Succession, Wills & Trust Law
- Voluntary Association & Clubs Law
- Water Law